During the 12-day armed conflict between Iran and Israel that ended in early 2025, Iranian missiles struck five Israeli military targets, according to researchers at Oregon State University. The data, published in a report based on an analysis of satellite images and intelligence information, has not been officially confirmed by the Israeli authorities due to strict restrictions on disclosing information on military casualties. According to the study, six Iranian missiles hit five Israel Defense Forces (IDF) bases located in the north, south and center of the country. The Israeli army refrained from commenting on this publication, in line with its policy on sensitive military issues.

In addition to military targets, Iranian missiles damaged 36 civilian sites, including residential areas and industrial infrastructure. The attacks killed 29 people, although the initial death toll was 28. Significant damage was recorded in several cities, including the suburbs of Tel Aviv and Haifa, where apartment buildings and industrial plants were damaged. According to local media, the destruction caused temporary interruptions in electricity and water supplies in some areas, worsening the humanitarian situation.

An analysis by the British publication The Telegraph found that Israeli air and missile defense systems intercepted most of the Iranian missiles. However, as the conflict continued, the effectiveness of the interceptions declined. Researchers attribute this to two factors: a possible shortage of interceptor missiles in Israel's arsenal and Iran's use of more advanced ballistic missiles that can penetrate missile defense systems.

Israel's Iron Dome system, widely known for its effectiveness against short-range missiles, was unprepared to intercept the long-range ballistic missiles used by Iran. The David's Sling and Hetz systems played a major role in repelling the attacks, bolstered by two US THAAD batteries deployed in Israel and missile defence batteries on US Navy ships in the Red Sea. According to The Telegraph, US forces fired at least 36 THAAD interceptors during the conflict, underlining the importance of international support in repelling the attacks.

Additional information published in the Israeli media indicates that the IDF conducted a thorough review of the effectiveness of its missile defense systems after the conflict. According to Ynet, Israeli military experts noted the need to upgrade the systems to counter new threats, including hypersonic missiles, which Iran is actively developing. In addition, Israel faced the problem of a limited supply of interceptor missiles during the war, which forced the command to conserve resources in the later stages of the conflict. This, in turn, may have contributed to the successful destruction of some targets by Iranian missiles.