Angara booster: photo, specifications, video

“Angara” is a family of modular launch vehicles (PH) with oxygen-kerosene engines, which include 4 class carriers: from light to heavy - in the range of payloads from 1,5 tons (“Angara 1.1.”) To 35 tons (“ Angara-А7 ”) tons in low earth orbit (starting from the Plesetsk cosmodrome). State Space Research and Production Center. Mv Khrunicheva became the main developer and manufacturer of Angara carrier rockets.

Different modifications of the "Hangars" are realized by different numbers of universal rocket modules (URM) (UMR-1 - for the first stage, and for the second and third - URM-2) - one module for light-class carriers ("Angar 1.1" and 1.2.) , three - for the carrier of the middle class ("Angara-A3) and five - for the heavy class (" Angara-A5 ").

The diameter of the URM is 2,9 m, the length is 25,1, the weight with a filled fuel is 149 t. The URM is equipped with an RD-191 oxygen-kerosene engine.

The program was spent 100 billion rubles (2013 year), as of the beginning of 2015 - 160 billion rubles. In the spring of 2018, Yury Koptev, head of the scientific and technical council of Roskomos, announced another figure - 110 billion rubles.

Due to the relocation of production to Omsk and the reorganization of the organization of production processes, the assembly of the "Angara" was to be cheaper.

9 January 2018 was announced that the Khrunichev Center had begun creating a reusable stage for the Angara-1.2 light class rocket.

The objectives of the complex

• Russia needs a missile system that could take payloads from the territory of the Russian Federation to a geostationary orbit (the Plesetsk cosmodrome, and another possible option — the Vostochny cosmodrome). Today, the Proton launch vehicle is launched exclusively from the Baikonur cosmodrome located in Kazakhstan.
• In terms of strategic security, the complex was fully developed and manufactured by cooperations of Russian entrepreneurs located in the Russian Federation.
• Replacing heavy PH with toxic fuel. As a rule, poisonous heptyl was used as a fuel for “heavy” launch vehicles (in the USSR / Russia). To date, it is used in Proton-M. The carrier rocket "Angara" will use environmentally friendly fuel, based on kerosene; liquid oxygen acts as an oxidizing agent; therefore, this pH is safer when used. In the future, it may be used for manned flights and the Ankara launch vehicle.
• Modularity. It allows you to simplify the delivery of the product by train to the place of launch. Due to the modular concept of construction, it allows to develop a whole family of launch vehicles: light class (based on the first module of the first stage with a payload weight at low near-earth orbit is 1,5 tons), heavy (up to 35 tons, consisting of seven universal rocket modules included in first stage).
• The payload of the "Angara A5" PH is up to 25 t, which is more than that of the Proton PH. These technical indicators of the A5 Angara allow us to derive a payload of the same weight from the Plesetsk cosmodrome as from the Baikonur cosmodrome using the Proton-M launch vehicle.

As a result of the creation of “Angara” of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center named after Khrunichev, it is possible to occupy almost the entire domestic market of space launches, developing on its basis the URM a single replacement for many types of launch vehicles created in the USSR:

• “Angara” А5, А7 instead of “Proton” (the fuel was based on toxic high-boiling components)
• “Angara A3” instead of “Zenith-2” (made in Ukraine exclusively for the Maritime / Land Launch project, after 2013, production was stopped)
• "Angara A1.2" instead of "Cyclone-2 / 3" (Ukraine discontinued)
• “Angara А1.1” instead of “Cosmos-3М” (fuel based on toxic high-boiling components, discontinued in 90-ies).

Only the PH series Р-7 (Soyuz / Lightning) remained without replacement, as well as light conversion media, built on the basis of ICBMs. The technique of creating a unified series of LVs has become the theme for the dissertation of the first deputy general director of the GKNPTs A. Khrunichev. Medvedev, which was defended in the 1999 year (AA Medvedev in the 2001 year was appointed General Director of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center). In addition, there were grounds for believing that over time, a significant part of the loads of Soyuz launch vehicles should “migrate” to a higher level and it was assumed that they would switch to the Angara-А3 RN.

Chronology of development

• After the collapse of the USSR, the Baikonur cosmodrome, from which the launch of the heavy Energia and Proton launch vehicles was carried out, was outside the Russian Federation. There was a need for the development of a heavy-class LV, all components of which would be produced from domestic components on the Russian production base, and launches were from spaceports located in Russia.
• 3 August 1992 of the Year Based on the Decision of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Aeronautical Science Council of the Russian Federation 15 September 1992 on the issue “Guidance Tools: Status and Prospects for Their Modernization and Development” announced a competition for the development of a heavy class space rocket complex . The competition was attended by RSC Energia named after academician SP Korolev, GRTS "KB them. Academician V.P. Makeeva, GKNPTs named after M.V. Khrunichev, who presented several versions of the RN for consideration by a specially formed Interdepartmental Expert Commission.
• In the summer of 1994, the variant that was proposed by the M.V. Khrunichev. As a result, this organization was appointed the lead developer. The rejected proposal of RSC Energia in the future has become the basis for the creation of the Rus-M family of rocket launchers.
• By the Decree of the President of Russia dated 6 of January 1995 of the Year “On the Development of the Angara Aeronautical Radiation System”, the creation of a missile complex is defined as works of special importance. In March, an order was issued by the Russian Ministry of Defense on this complex.
• At the end of the summer of 1995, a new Decree of the Government of Russia was issued, which determined the stages of creation of the "Angar" complex, a general plan for the creation of the complex, its financing and cooperation of co-executors were approved. The decree determined the start date of flight tests - 2005 and the place of the USK of the Plesetsk cosmodrome (site No. 35, the unfinished complex of the Zenit launch vehicle), and in the future it is envisaged to use the Angar launch vehicle for launches and the Svobodny cosmodrome. The project that entered service provided for the development of a two-stage launch vehicle of a batch arrangement of tanks with further operation of the stages using liquid oxygen as an oxidizer, and in the role of fuel - kerosene at the first stage, and liquid hydrogen at the second stage. The fuel tanks were located on the sides of the oxidizer tanks located in the center. This scheme began to be called "Cheburashka", as its side-mounted fuel tanks were similar to the ears of a cartoon character. The first stage engine was adopted by the RD-1, developed for the Zenit launch vehicle. The second stage engine - RD-2, which was used earlier on the central unit of the RN Energia. The launch weight of the launch vehicle is 171 tons, the mass of the payload, which is launched into low-earth orbit with an inclination of 0120 °, is 640 tons (from the Plesetsk cosmodrome). The choice of the first stage engine made it possible to use the launch complexes of the Zenith launch vehicle for launching, namely, to retrofit the corresponding unfinished launch complexes at the Plesetsk cosmodrome. RSC Energia (Korolev) worked on the development of individual parts and systems - they were engaged in the entire structure of the second stage, NPO Energomash (Khimki) - specialized in engines of the first stage, KB Khimavtomatika (Voronezh) - specialized in engines of the second stage, SRC KB named after V.P. Makeeva - carried out work on fuel tanks, the Transport Engineering Design Bureau (Moscow) - on a ground launch complex.
• Research Institute Khimmash (now FKP "SIC RCP") - for ground testing of the AAC.
• In the spring of 1997, the leadership of the GKNPTS named after MV Khrunicheva proposed to completely revise the adopted version of the Angara launch vehicle in 1995. Gradually, a modern PH scheme began to emerge on the basis of universal rocket modules and with the use of kerosene as a fuel at all stages. Without holding the Scientific and Technical Council and the new competition, by the decision of the head of Rosaviakosmos, Yu.N. Koptev, and with the consent of the Russian Ministry of Defense, a new scheme was adopted, and RKK Energia and the Makeev State Registration Center were excluded from the co-executors.
• In winter, the 2007 of the year ended with the 3's monthly testing of the LV, which took place in the Moscow Region Research Institute of Chemical Engineering.
• At the beginning of the autumn 2008 of the year in the FKP "SIC RCP" (formerly the Research Institute Khimmash, Peresvet in the Moscow region of Sergievo-Posad district) URM-2 RN "Angara" was delivered with the aim of passing fire tests. Scheduled activities are part of the mandatory training cycle for the developed rocket and space technology.
• 29 April 2009 of the year in FKP "SIC RCP" conducted the first series of cold tests URM-1, into the oxidizer tank of which about 100 tons of liquid oxygen was loaded. The main purpose of the XSI-1 is a comprehensive testing of the engine pneumatic hydraulics, as well as the CBC control algorithms for liquid oxygen.
• 18 June 2009 of the year in the FKP "SIC RCP" passed the second cold tests using both components of the fuel. At the current stage, a comprehensive check of the operation of the pneumohydraulic power system in bench conditions under the “cold” straits of the fuel and oxidation tanks has been carried out.
• 30 July 2009 of the year in the FKP "SIC RCP" at the stand of the EC-102 performed fire tests of the URM-1 module of the Angara launch vehicle.
• 26 November 2009 of the year in the FKP "SIC RCP" completed fire tests of the URM-1 PH "Angara" module.
• 18 November 2010 of the year in the FKP "SIC RCP" passed the successful firing bench tests of the URM-2 rocket module of the Angara launch vehicle. The main purpose of the fire test bench is to comprehensively verify and validate the performance of the pneumatic hydraulic systems of the product under bench conditions when working with the RD-012A-I engine with reproduction of the operating modes of the propulsion system according to the flight sequence diagram. Fire test bench - this is the final stage of ground testing of the URM-2, prior to flight testing.
• On May 23, an interdepartmental commission formed by a joint decision of the Space Forces of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Federal Space Agency signed an Act, which indicated that the RD-2011 engine successfully passed the ground-handling stage and can be used with the Angara launch vehicle.
• In the spring of 2012, the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center carried out successful factory tests of the first 197 lightweight class vehicle, 2 transport and installation units, for launch vehicles, the Angara launch vehicle. The equipment is used to transport and install heavy and light classes of missiles at launch.
• In the autumn of 2012, the validation tests of the components of the Angara launch vehicle design ended. According to the FSUE Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, FKP SIC RKP successfully passed tests for the cryostatic strength of components of the design of the promising RV Angara (assembly No. А13 - product А5А2С) manufactured by FSUE GKNTsP them. M. V. Khrunichev. The main purpose of testing this assembly was to confirm the strength of the 3 accelerator compartments of the PH stage and individual components of the Anagar 3A and 5A PH.
• The universal missile module URM-1 3 times passed flight tests (2009, 2010 and 2013) as part of the PH KSLV-1, as the first stage.
• The first manned launch from the Vostochny cosmodrome of the Angara launch vehicle was scheduled for 2017.
• The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation stated that the funds that were invested in the project over the years 20, have repeatedly raised the cost of this, not yet fully completed media.
• In the summer of 2015, NPO Energomash began to develop an improved version of the RD-191 engine - the RD 191M, which will be used on the Angara-А5В and Angara-А5П RKN and will be ahead of its predecessor. The first launch phase ended in the fall of 2015. By 2018, the plan was to complete development work.
• In winter, 2018, at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, stated that the development of the reusable version of the Angara LV was continued. OKM Myasishchev and Roskosmos confirmed the information on the performance of work. The aviation design bureau said that the first results could be announced in the spring of 2018. At this point, will choose a technical image of the reusable "Hangars". This will be dealt with by colleagues of the Military Industrial Commission, which will have to resolve the issue of financing.
• At the end of June 2018, a large scientific-practical conference was held in Moscow on the theme: “The main tasks and development prospects of the ROSKOSMOS State Corporation. During the conference, Dmitry Rogozin said that the summer trials of the family of new Russian LV "Angara" will end after the 6 launches.
• In the 2018 year, after a purge of the model in the TsAGI wind tunnel, some changes were made to the Angara-A5 design.

Transfer of production from Moscow to Omsk

The Khrunichev Center decided to launch the production of the Angara in Polet (Omsk), since the media is being developed using excellent Proton production technologies, for example, argon arc welding is used for Protons, as well as all technological connections built around it. Specialists introduced friction welding. In addition, in terms of the efficiency of transport logistics, the Polet software is ideally located - almost at one distance from Vostochny and Plesetsk cosmodromes.

At the initial stage, the lateral and central units of the LV (first and second stages, URM-1) will be assembled at the Polet Production Association in Omsk and the Khrunichev Center in Moscow. The units will be able to undergo additional tests and the PH will be assembled together with the 3 stage and the integration of the upper stage, after which the Angara LV will be sent to the Plesetsk cosmodrome for pre-launch preparation.

According to the plan, starting from 2020, the Polet software will produce the 3 level itself (URM-2). In January, 2018 of the year, Khrunichev Center General Director Alexei Varochkov, told reporters that the level of 3 will start to be produced in Omsk earlier than the year of 2022. So, in Moscow, 6 Angara-A5 rockets were made, and the complete assembly in the city of Omsk will begin only with the 70 rocket and will be passed on to the new design documentation by means of friction welding.

In 2007, the Polet software became part of the Khrunichev Center. The first stage of modernization and reconstruction was launched in 2009 year, then the amount of investment was 6 billion rubles. The second stage required large investments - 10 mldr rubles. It is not known how much was invested in the third stage, but it should be completed with the transition to the production of more than twenty universal rocket modules for Angara per year.

Prior to 2015, Omsk produced fuel tanks for URMs. In the same year, a decision was made to locate the production of the Angara rocket on the territory of the Polet plant.

10 On May 2016, the media has learned that the production and inspection of the side and central units for the 2 of the Angara-A5 flight instance are delayed by a month of 3 as a result of testing and production problems. According to him, the reason for the delay is the inadequate supply of components and the availability of not all equipment for testing. Also, the production in Omsk was adjusted for a long time.

2 August 2016, Viktor Nazarov, the governor of the Omsk Region, told reporters that in September, 2016 will launch a workshop where the Angara will be assembled from beginning to end.

26 August 2016, Viktor Nazarov, the governor of the Omsk region, told the media that, since the launch of 2020, POlet would become the center for the production of rocket modules for Angara, producing up to 100 EAs per year. He will be the only one in Russia. About 7 billion rubles have already been invested in the modernization of production.

28 February 2017 of the year Viktor Nazarov told reporters that Angara will be assembled at the Polet enterprise in the second quarter of 2017, as the full technical production cycle, which is under strict control by the Federal Agency for Special Construction, is already underway.

In the spring of 2017, the general director of the Khrunichev Center, Andrei Kalinowski, told reporters that the company, with the consent of the Russian Defense Ministry (the main customer of Angara), postponed the launch of the media to 2018 a year as a result of the protracted quality transfer products, staff qualifications and stability of technological processes. All tests, including bench tests in 2017, should be prohibited at the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, after which you can start production at POOLT.

In the summer of 2017, the Ministry of Transport, Industrial Policy and Innovative Technologies of the Omsk Region told reporters that the assembly workshop of the URMs for Angara would start work on Polet in July.

Deputy Prime Minister D.Rogozin 25 on August 2017 of the year during a meeting at the Khrunichev Center said that part of the production in Moscow because of one of the chief Spetsstroy of Russia, in particular, was not ready, the electroplating shop, which had been sponsored back in 2014.

October 10 2017 of the Year Alexei Varochko Acting General Center named after Khrunichev told the media that the Omsk branch received an order to publish ten Angara missiles through the line of the Russian Ministry of Defense. 11 of October The Ministry of Industry, Transport and Innovation Technologies of the Omsk Region also confirmed this information, adding that the state order was designed for the period 2018-2025 of the year and implies the assembly of 2 variants of the PH “Angaras - 1.2.” And “Angaras - А5”.

At the beginning of 2018, the Khrunichev Center at TsNIIMash carried out strength tests of one of the universal missile modules URM-1 for the first stage Angara-А5, which lasted several months, and began at the end of 2017. The main objective of the test is to test the production readiness technology at the Polet Production Association, which was organized using modern technological equipment, equipment and advanced production processes, for serial production of the Angara LV.

In the early spring of 2018, Deputy Prime Minister D. Rogozin, as a result of his visit to the Polet software, announced the start of work on the Angara-A5 modernization: the rocket needs to be lightened and its thrust-to-weight ratio increased due to the use of composite materials and the transition to modern welding which is capable of 15 percent to improve flight performance. In addition, the establishment of cooperative schemes within the Roscosmos company will help launch the mass production of heavy Angara in 2021. In addition, the vice-premier instructed the technologists of POjot and the Omsk branches Almaz-Antey and the UEC to discuss the March 5 indicators for creating a single center of competence for electroplating. Back in 2014, the electroplating plant should be built. More than 250 million rubles were allocated for its creation, and today it takes about another 65 million and the extension of the deadlines for the supply of necessary equipment until May 2018.

30 March 2018, Sergey Golovinsky 30 March, 2018, during the visit of Alexander Burkov (Acting Governor of the Omsk Region) stated that the full transfer of production of the Angara-1.2 PH to the Omsk aerospace association should occur in the 2019 year, and the Angara-A5 PH - until the end of 2021.

In the summer of 2018, the head of Roscosmos D.Rogozin told reporters that the mass production of the Angara launch vehicle begins with 2023, at Omsk Polet. All production will move there, while the Khrunichesva Center in Moscow will be transformed into a design office.

In the winter of 2019, the year D. Rogozin announced that before the 2023, in the city of Omsk, the 2 “Hangars” will be produced every year. Starting from 2023, the Angara will be launched into mass production. According to the production program, it is planned to release up to 44 universal rocket modules, which by modular design will be folded as an “Angar” of a heavy or light class.

Expected events

• The release of the first "Angara-1.2.", Collected in the software "Flight" - 2020 year.
• Construction of the 2 test bench for the production of Angara-A5.
• The release of the first "Angara-A5", collected in the software "Flight" - 2022 year.

Test

Modification for South Korea

In the period from 2004 to 2013, joint work was carried out on the South Korean carrier Naro-1 (KSLV-1), in the first stage of which Angara applications were applied. The project’s customer from the South Korean side was KARI (Korean Aerospace Research Institute). On the Russian side, the GKNPTs took part. Mv Khrunicheva, Design Bureau of Transport Engineering and NPO Energomash. A total of 3 launches were performed: in 2009, 2010 and 2013, the first two were unsuccessful (not due to Russian engines). As a result, in 2016, Korea signed a contact for the delivery of the Angara LV.

Angara - 1.2 PP

Initially, the first launch of the Angara launch vehicle was planned for 2005 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. However, it has been repeatedly postponed: to 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

A dry run of the PH launch test occurred on 26 June 2014 of the year.

The launch of the light-class Angara-1.2.PP LV from the Plesetsk cosmodromes was carried out in the summer of the 2014 year. The launch was successful, the launch vehicle flew along a ballistic trajectory to the area of ​​the Kura test site (Kamchatka).

Characteristics of ILF Angara - 1.2.PP

Main characteristics of ILV "Angara - 1.2PP"

The main objectives of the launch of the Angara-XNUMPP carrier rocket:

1. Verification of the work of the components of the space rocket complex "Angara" at the preparatory stage and during the launch.
2. Development of operational documentation.
3. Development of on-board systems of the Angara LV.

The launch was scheduled for 27 June 2014 of the year and 1 a minute 30 seconds before “Lift contact” (KP) was canceled, as the automated launch control system gave the command “No readiness of the propulsion system (DU) to start due to the pressure ball balloon (SB) boost the oxidizer damper of the first stage, due to leakage in the pipeline supplying helium to the oxidizer damper. For 1 min 19 seconds before the checkpoint, the countdown automatically stopped.

On June 28 it was said about the launch launch for a day, and later the launch was also postponed. The launch was watched live by Russian President Vladimir Putin, who was tasked with finding out the reasons for eliminating them shortly. The State Commission decided to remove the Angar 1.2.PP from the launch pad and send it to the assembly and test complex (MIC) to detect and eliminate the causes of the cancellation, as well as to conduct additional checks.

After the causes were identified and eliminated, the state commission appointed a new launch date for the Angara-1.2.PP launch vehicle. Start scheduled for 9 July 2014 of the year. Preparation of the launch vehicle was carried out in normal mode and in 16: 00 in Moscow from the 35 site of the 13973 military unit (Plesetsk) successfully completed the first test launch of the launch vehicle Angara-1.2PP.

The ILV flight was carried out in accordance with the approved cyclogram of a ballistic trajectory over Russia. In accordance with the timeline of the flight through 3 mines 42 seconds after the separation from the 1 launch pad, the RD-191 engine separated from the launch vehicle and fell in the Pechora Sea. After 2 s after the separation of the 1 stage without any technical overlays, the 2 engine of the RD-0124A stage was turned on. Through 3 mines 52 s was dropped the head fairing, which subsequently fell into a predetermined area of ​​the southern part of the Barents Sea. After 8 of the 11 min after the launch, a regular shutdown of the 2 propulsion system occurred. Through 21 mines, the non-separable overall mass payload layout with the 2 rocket stage hit a predetermined area of ​​the Kura test site on the Kamchatka Peninsula at a distance of 57000 km from the launch point.

Angara-А5

The first test launch of the Angara-A5 PH of a heavy version was performed on 23 on December 2014 of the year on 8: 57 in Moscow from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. The launch was in normal mode.

Versions of the Angara launch vehicle compared with the Russian counterparts

Launch complex at the Plesetsk cosmodrome

In 2014, the Angara missile launch complex was built. 2 successful test launches were performed from it. The implication was that this complex would be absolutely loaded.

By 2019, the RF Ministry of Defense planned to build a new launch pad at the Plesetsk cosmodrome, from which the launch vehicle would be launched with an oxygen-hydrogen booster, for which a special infrastructure would be needed. In August 2016, the GKNPTs named after M.V. Khrunicheva announced the development of a new launch complex for the Angara launch vehicle at the Plesetsk cosmodrome.

Launch complex at the Baikonur cosmodrome (Kazakhstan)

For launches from the Baikonur cosmodrome it was planned to develop the Baiterek Amplifier. The project for its creation began with 2004 year. At 2012, the year was scheduled for its first launch, which was later postponed many times. As a possible base for the space rocket complex in 2008, several sites at Baikonur were considered, including The possibility of using the 250 site (UKSS, Universal Stand-Start Booster Rocket Energia, from which launches under the Energiya-Buran project were carried out, with appropriate revision of the equipment ready at that time, was considered. The site was never chosen and its equipment was not carried out. In addition, the issue of participation of financing from the Republic of Kazakhstan was not resolved.In the “Baiterek” project, the Russian side was implied as extra-budgetary funds of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center.

In general, “Baiterek” was intended for commercial use of the Angara-5, instead of the Proton-M, because commercial launches of the Angara for organizational reasons from the Plesetsk cosmodrome were difficult and unprofitable. For Russian government agencies, the launch of Angara from Baikonur is of no interest, since this project is only a commercial enterprise of the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, as well as the Kazakh side, without state support from Russia.

In the autumn of 2012, the development project of the joint Russian-Kazakhstan RSC Baiterek (on the basis of the Angara launch system reached a deadlock. No compromise was reached on financing the project. In the spring of 2013, the head of Roscosmos V. Popovkin told that a final decision was made on the construction of the launch complex for the Angara launch vehicle at the Vostochny cosmodrome.

In the early summer of 2015, Byktyzhan Sagintayev (First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan) told the media that the construction of Baiterek spacecraft at the Baikonur cosmodrome will only begin in 2021. It will be built on the basis of the Angara RK. Moreover, the integral part of the Russian-Kazakh Baiterek AIS will be the Sunkar RN created by the rocket and space corporation.

Launch complex at Vostochny cosmodrome

During the first half of 2016, Roskosmos should create a system project for a universal launch complex from one launch pad, where it will be possible to launch any of the 3-x modifications of the Angara-Angara-A5 PH, piloted by the Angara-A5P and Angara - А5В »(increased carrying capacity.

In the summer of 2016, TsENKI began the development of ground infrastructure for the Angara-A5 LV. The development of the 1A launch complex for launching heavy-class Angara-5 missiles with manned spacecraft was supposed to be completed by the end of 2021.

The main characteristics of the original version of the Angara Standard

The information was taken from the book of L.I. Slabko and V.E. Goodilina "Rocket and space systems (History. Development. Prospects)" Moscow, 1996 year.

Comparative assessment

According to the output payload on the GSO and the starting mass, the analogs of "Angara-A5" were the modular PH Falcon, the Chinese PH CZ-11 (RTDT) and Arian-6 (the first 2 steps of the RTDT). Soyuz-2 was intermediate between the Angara-1.2 and Angara-A3 launch vehicles.

The Angara launch vehicle was carried out with extensive use of polymer composite materials, while the proportion of composites was 20 percent higher than in Proton-M.

Angara launches were cheaper than Delta IV Heavy, but as of 23 in December 2014, 2 times more expensive than launching Proton-M.

Costs

The head of the Federal Space Agency, V. Popovkin, in 2012 for the year estimated the costs incurred in creating the Angara in 160 billion rubles (5,33 billion dollars at the rate of 30 rubles per dollar).