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Overall condition of the problem. The main causes of accidents are the people, aviation technology and the environment.

VIM-Avia All Russian and World plane crashes are hereKrasAvia

The process of aircraft operation is directly related to the interaction of the sun with the external environment. Because of the impact on the whole spectrum of the sun of the environment should be to identify those meteorological phenomena, under whose influence may cause the AP. They are called dangerous meteorological phenomena (OMYA), which include a strong atmospheric turbulence, wind shear (SV), icing sun, thunderstorms, electric shocks, heavy rains, snow, fog and the presence in the atmosphere of foreign objects (birds, probes, etc.). .

Dangerous meteorological phenomena affect the flight of the sun differently. In particular, atmospheric turbulence, wind shear and wake alter the forces and moments acting on the aircraft and the cause of his perturbed motion. The consequence of a collision with a bird or a lightning strike may be local structural damage to aircraft or its units. Phenomena such as fog and low clouds hamper aircraft navigation landing and perform other related functions of the crew running the Sun than provoke it possible missteps.

According to ICAO data, of the total number of accidents associated with meteorological conditions. 62% are caused by reduced visibility, 11% - by thunderstorms, 11% - by strong bumpiness, 7% - by icing, 9% - by other reasons. Among other reasons, one of the first places is occupied by the cases of collisions between aircraft and birds. According to the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), for the period from 2006 to 2011. 16 cases of aircraft collisions with birds were recorded.

In order to identify the real impact of the environment on PD performed a statistical analysis of the AP on the basis of materials ICAO, FAA, the National Transportation Safety Board US (NTSB), the inspection bulletin BP Ukraviatrans.

The results of the analysis of the AP dependence on weather conditions show that a significant number of accidents and heavy accidents occur during the take-off, approach and landing phases of the aircraft. The main danger is the limited visibility associated with the low altitude of the clouds, fogs, snowfalls and sudden wind shear, as well as icing of the aircraft and its engines. When performing a flight along the route, the most probable are APs associated with the impact of the aircraft in a thunderstorm, which is accompanied by hail, significant convective turbulence, intense rain and lightning.

An analysis of the AP described in the literature, which took place at turbulence at altitudes, shows that in most cases they were manifested during thunderstorms or in close proximity to them. If we exclude these cases, the pure strong turbulence in clear air (Tian) - a relatively rare phenomenon. At the same time, it was considered dangerous for aviation, mainly because of the unexpected impact on the aircraft. Therefore, we consider the nature of thunderstorm formations, TJNAs and zones with wind shear from numerous OMJs that affect the safety of aircraft, and then briefly describe the methods and means of identifying and protecting aircraft from the impact of these dangerous phenomena of nature.

Thunderstorms and electric discharges. FAA Technical Center has conducted a statistical analysis of 800 reports of lightning strikes in the Armed Forces. Using a computer database allowed to group them according to certain criteria.

Types of aircraft flight modes, which were reported by the flight crew and the weather conditions were compared as a percentage of the total number of lightning strikes. Among them - height

flight, temperature, month of the year in which there was a lightning strike, the type of precipitation, the degree of turbulence of the atmosphere, the electrical state before and after a lightning strike, flight mode. Calculated histogram representing the information about the frequency of lightning strikes in the sun, depending on the conditions.

The histogram characterizing the effect of the time of year on the distribution of lightning strikes in the sun, it is shown that the greatest number of cases occurs in the spring (March, April, May). This finding is contrary to the prevailing opinion earlier that most cases occur in the summer.

A significant number of strokes is typical for the winter months (December, January), when the conditions for thunderstorms do not occur as often. Some of the lightning strike occurred at the sun-flight through the snow, which is explained by the strong electrification of the atmosphere in a blizzard. One of the reasons for the frequent collisions with lightning in the winter months may be that it is more difficult to avoid such situations, since the occurrence of lightning during blizzards is more difficult to determine than during summer thunderstorms. The crew is relatively easy to establish and avoid the summer thunderstorm associated with the presence of cumulonimbus clouds containing rainfall and rising to a high altitude. Winter snowstorms are often associated with rain-layered clouds that spread over large areas and do not have strong rainwater that can easily be fixed by meteorological locators.

Confirming the findings that most lightning occurs at temperatures close to the freezing point of water, ie. E. By up + 5 -5 ° C.

More than 85% of lightning strikes in the sun takes place in a temperature range of up to -6 + 20 ° C.

On the number of lightning strikes affect altitude. According to the data, 36% sun was struck at altitudes below 3000 m and 87% - at altitudes sun to 4900 m. The fact that most lightning occurs at altitudes sun to 4900 m, shows the rare occurrence of lightning on high altitudes. We know that the storm clouds may extend to a height of 20 000 m and lightning occur throughout their volume.

The distribution of lightning strikes, depending on the altitude also affects the distribution of the phase of flight. As can be seen from the histogram, the most lightning strikes in the sun falls during the climb (37%) and approach (21%).

The results of the analysis of the AP and special studies show that the actual probability of a lightning strike in the sun in the active thunderstorm clouds is 102, t. E. Lightning strikes in the sun on average once in a hundred flights a thundercloud.

Wind shear. For a detailed statistical analysis of the AP caused by CB were used materials investigations NTSB, which according to US airspace for 1985 2005 years. 185 occurred accident, which killed 257 people. The most dangerous phases of flight from the point of view of the impact of NE are descent, approach and landing aircraft.

A large number of AP to the descent and landing phases due to the low-speed aircraft flight at these stages and their transience.

At AP amount also affects the absolute wind speed conditions NE, and on the sun light is greater than the heavy. As can be seen from the figure, heavy sun falls 16 AP, the lungs - 169. In addition, the unfavorable winds for the AP - 5. 10 m / s.

According to the ICAO, SV at low altitudes is the reason 20% of cases normally functioning rolling out the sun over the edge of the runway and the runway more than 10% of landings up to the edge.

These examples illustrate the hazards CB and the relevance of safety in these conditions.

The icing of aircraft. The most serious incident due to icing of the sun was a disaster ATP-72 (31 1994 October, in the area of ​​Rozelaun, Indiana, USA) with the death of 68 people. This disaster was the reason for a number of new papers. In one of them made a detailed analysis of 149 accidents, including accidents 65 the total number of victims 1095 people. (1946- 1996 years.), Caused by icing, according to the Flight Safety Foundation.

The largest number of victims (256 people.) Has been a disaster in the sun DC-8 on takeoff at the airport in Gander (Canada, 12 1985 of December). In the Russian Federation, the icing was the cause of the crash of the Yak-40 at Sheremetyevo Airport in March 9 2000 city

A high percentage of accidents (43,6%) says that the ice is very dangerous factor in accidents.

On the number of AP caused by icing, influence of the year, phase of flight, as well as the mass of the aircraft.

The highest number of such cases occur in December and January - at 23.5%, approximately 15% - in February and March. Incidents related to icing occurred in May, July and August in the flight route. The latest AP no casualties from the sun BAE (Iowa, United States, 26 May 1996 g) en-route in icing conditions denied all four of the engine and the sun performed an emergency landing on only one engine running.

An analysis of the circumstances of the AP identified phases of flight, which begins the signs of icing. For example, the incident occurred at the stage of the climb, but there was still ice on the ground before takeoff. In this case, step occurrence of the incident taken the initial climb, as the beginning stage of icing - ground stage. Of the ten most severe AP caused by icing, 5 disasters (50%) occurred in the conditions of the initial icing sun on earth.

Most of the UA due to icing in flight is inherent in the aircraft, the maximum take-off weight 50 not exceeding m. Thus, icing aircraft in flight, significantly affects the characteristics naletnye relatively small sun. Top of the icing on the ground led to the AP with large sun takeoff weight (two catastrophes BC DC-8 160 with takeoff weight tonnes).

Initial icing sun on the earth - the reason for the AP in step run-up, and all stages of the climb, which is based on the human factor, ie. E. Errors in the actions of the pilot, not following regulations, as well as the low level of education.

Expert assessments of meteorological phenomena by pilots. Statistical data on the impact of specific meteorological phenomena on safety is interesting to compare with peer review pilots. Such estimates were obtained after processing the data of a special flight crew survey. Regardless of the length of service and the functions performed in the crew interviewed experts unanimously recognize severe weather lightning. On the second place they put hail, on the third - turbulence. Turbulence is defined as the most frequent meteorological phenomenon.

According to the generalized opinion of experts, meteorological phenomena at different stages of the flight are ranked according to their degree of danger. It will be appreciated that this list of wind shear at takeoff and landing included in the concept of turbulence. During the climb, and in particular, en route lightning and hail pilots recognized the most dangerous - 65,4% respectively and 74,4%. On takeoff and landing assessment of dangerous weather phenomena are distributed relatively evenly across all of their sources.

It is also important to evaluate how often they occur, or other meteorological phenomena in the practice of piloting. The sequence of weather phenomena, obtained by averaging the seats assigned to them in the classification of pilots OMYA frequency of meetings with them, is as follows: turbulence, lightning, strong winds, icing, NE, heavy rain, lightning, hail. More than 80% of those surveyed pilots indicated that most often affect the flight turbulence, storm and strong wind.

In phases of flight, these phenomena can be represented in the following sequence:

  • takeoff - turbulence, hail, lightning, rain, wind, and other;

  • during the climb - hail, lightning, turbulence, rain, wind, and other;

  • route - the lightning, hail, turbulence, rain and other wind;

  • during descent - hail, lightning, turbulence, rain and other wind;

  • during landing - turbulence, rain, hail, lightning, wind and others.

Statistics show that listed OMYA greatest impact on safety have icing, wind disturbance, atmospheric electrical discharges.

VIM-Avia All Russian and World plane crashes are hereKrasAvia

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