Autopilot plane
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Autopilot plane

The autopilot on the plane

 

The origins of the aircraft industry have changed a lot in the design of aircraft and their control. Even 20-30 years ago, such a device as an autopilot was unknown to almost anyone. Over the years, the situation has changed radically. Most of the flight control of huge passenger airliners is carried out by autopilots. We can say that the pilot is actively involved only during taxiing and takeoff, after which he transfers control to the system. You also need the intervention of the pilot when landing the ship. The aircraft on-board computer greatly simplifies the control and monitoring tasks.

Pilots of modern Airbus models often joke that a dog and one person are enough to operate new models of passenger liners. The dog is needed to bite the pilot, so that he does not reach for the levers and control buttons, and the man is needed in order to feed the dog. Of course, this is a joke that appeared due to modern control systems, such as fly-by-wire, in other words, it is a radio remote control of the device. It allows the transmission of signals from the pilot himself to the aircraft mechanisms in the form of electrical signals. This means that instead of using the old hydraulics, the pilots take control by sending signals via a computer to the individual machine mechanisms.

What is the autopilot in the broadest sense of the term? This hardware and software system that has the ability to drive the vehicle on a given route. With each passing year becomes more and more innovation in many sectors of the transport structure. Yet leading position takes air transport.

Autopilot aircraft designed to stabilize the flight parameters of the vessel and conducting at the specified rate. This pilot comply with the established speed and altitude. Before you transfer the aircraft on autopilot, you must create a clear mission without slipping or cut machine. After stabilizing the aircraft on all planes can be made including the automatic control system, but it is necessary to carry out regular monitoring of indicators. It should be noted that both military aircraft have such systems.

More complex in its design and reliable autopilots began to be installed on domestic aircraft from the end of 70-ies.

Brief history of the autopilot

The first autopilot in the world was created back in 1912 year. The invention belongs to the American company Sperry Corporation, which was able to establish a system of holding the plane on a given trajectory, thus stabilizing the bank. This has been achieved by linking altimeter and compass from the rudders and height. Communication was set up by the use of the unit and hydraulic drive.

autopilot scheme

The diagram shows how a typical autopilot.

Pre-calculated parameters are entered into the flight computers of the aircraft (1).

After takeoff the autopilot takes effect.

Two displays (2) show the position of the aircraft, its intended route and altitude.

Changing the position of the small flaps (3) on the outer surface of the aircraft notifies the computer of the slightest change in the orientation of the plane.

To determine the position using the global navigation system (GOS) (4).

The receiver located on the upper housing (5).

Computers monitor the route and automatically makes the necessary changes through the servo (6),

who run the wheel (7),

elevators (8),

ailerons (9),

Flaps (10)

and setting the engine throttle (11)

If necessary, the pilot can at any time turn off the autopilot and go to manual control (12)

Starting in the 30s of the 20th century, some passenger airliners began to be equipped with autopilots. World War II introduced a new round in the development of automatic control systems, which required similar technologies for long-range bombers. For the first time, a fully automatic flight across the Atlantic, including landing and take-off, was carried out by a C-54 aircraft belonging to the United States. This happened in 1947.

The current stage in the development of automated aircraft control systems has reached a qualitatively new level. Today, the liners are equipped with VBSU or ACS systems. The automatic control system "SAU" provides high-quality stabilization of the vessel on the route and in space. The aggregate of the system's components allows the vehicle to be controlled at all stages of flight. The most modern developments allow flying in the so-called helm mode, which makes it possible to maximally facilitate the pilot's work and minimize his interference. Such systems independently stabilize the aircraft from drift, slip or bumpiness, they can even switch to critical flight modes, while very often ignoring the actions of the pilots.

The aircraft's autopilot guides the aircraft along a given route, while using the complex information of the navigation devices of its own and ground sensors that analyze the flight. This system controls all units of the aircraft. Trajectory systems also operate, which conduct an approach with high accuracy rates without any pilot action.

Control devices in their standard form (levers, pedals) are not used. High degree of automation has brought management to supply electrical impulses to all parts of the aircraft without the use of hydraulic control system. Electromechanical control devices allow to recreate the conditions of the more familiar pilot. The cockpits are increasingly set the side controls of the type "saydstik."

The problems of automatic control airplanes

Of course, the primary and most important problem in the creation of autopilots is the preservation of flight safety. In most old automatic control systems, the pilot has the ability at any time to make an emergency shutdown of the autopilot and switch to manual control. If the autopilot is violated or broken, it is absolutely necessary to disconnect the system in the usual way or mechanically. In the apparatus of Tu-134 it is possible to carry out the "shooting off" of the autopilot with an installed pyropatron. When developing an autopilot, the options for disabling it are carefully thought out in the event of a breakdown without harm to the flight.

Autopilot plane 3434

To enhance the security automation control operates in multi-channel mode. At the same time can work just four piloting system with the same parameters and capabilities. The system also conducts continuous analysis and monitoring of the incoming data signals. The flight is carried out based on the so-called method kvorumirovaniya, which consists of decision according to the majority of systems.

In case of failure the autopilot is able to choose from a further control mode. It can be switched to a different control channel or control pilot transmission. To test the systems necessary to carry out the so-called Pre-run systems. This test consists of a start step by step program that provides a simulation of flight signals.

Yet no one check does not achieve 100% th guarantee of safety and performance in flight. Due to unusual situations in the air may have additional problems with the automatic control. Some autopilots are various programs that allow you to spend the most safe flight of the respective aircraft.

Yet flying on one autopilot without a human factor is very dangerous and almost impossible. You can draw one logical conclusion that the smarter the aircraft and the more complex the design, the less chance of flying without human intervention. The more new automated systems are used, the greater the chances of their refusal to fly. Calculate all the options for failure is almost impossible. That's why the pilot's skills will remain in demand all the time, as each pilot goes a very long way to managing passenger liners. Accordingly, skills and rapid decision-making remain more important than the actions of computer programs.

The most modern fly-by-wire automatic control systems allowed to significantly reduce the overall weight of the aircraft structure. At the same time, the reliability of on-board systems has increased many-fold. The equipment reacts without delay, and is also able to correct mistakes caused by the human factor in the management. This indicates that the system will not allow the pilot to start the car in a situation dangerous for her and passengers on board. Modern aircraft such as Airbus ceased to be equipped with standard levers and control pedals, instead, joysticks are installed. All this allows the pilots not to think about which team and how to transfer the individual unit. No need to think through the angle of the aileron or flap deflection, just tilt the control joystick - and the computer will do everything itself.

Yet, despite the whole rosy picture, quite a few crashes and accidents occurred due to the fault of the autopilots, which resulted in human casualties. The history of air crashes caused by automatic control systems, unfortunately, is very rich in the facts of the unreliability of such systems. 

Everything was mixed up, people, horses! Mix fly-by-wire and autopilot! What, without autopilot, when manual control, fly-by-wire is not? Next you write: fly-by-wire, in other words, it's == radio remote == controlling the device ...
Are you sure what you wrote? Radio remote control implies the transmission of control signals through a radio channel, and not through wires. And on the plane, fly-by-wire, and has nothing to do with radio. Fly-by-Wire is not an EDSU concept, but a concept that implies that a person controls a computer, and that one is already an airplane! What is it? You wrote: - This means that instead of using the old hydraulics, the pilots control by sending signals through the computer to the individual mechanisms of the machine ... ???? "Old hydraulics" is used at full speed, and it is controlled through the EDSU from the computer, and not through the computer. A person sends control signals to a computer, and that is already further, which he considers necessary, and it is not a fact that the control signal is not opposite from the input. Something like this!
Correct the opus! And who is the author?

Good afternoon, sorry, where did you get all this information? could you give any sources or advice, I'm just writing an article on this topic, although it was so long ago, I hope to respond

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